Что еще прочесть. Избранная библиография.

Паразитолог Роберт Дезовиц написал несколько популярных книг о паразитах, рассматривая их с более медицинской точки зрения, чем я в данной книге (см. Desowitz, 1983; Desowitz, 1991; Desowitz, 1997). Основательный учебник по паразитологии (из тех, что снабжаются эпиграфами из Хантера Томпсона) можно поискать у Робертса и Джанови (Roberts & Janovy, 2000). Краткий обзор эволюции и экологии паразитов можно найти у Пулена (Poulin, 1998). Марк Ридли рассказывает о результатах полового отбора, в том числе и о гипотезе Черной Королевы (Ridley, 1993).

Abrahamson, W. G. 1997. Evolutionary ecology across three trophic levels: Goldenrods, gallmakers, and natural enemies; Monographs in population biology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Adamo, S. A. 1998. Feeding suppression in the tobacco hornworm, Madnduca sexta: costs and benefits to the parasitic wasps Cotesia congregata. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1634-1640. Adler, C. 1989. Darwin's illness. Israeli Journal of Medical Science 25:218- 221.

Adler, J. 1997. The dueling diagnoses of Darwin. Journal of the American

 Medical Association 277:1275. Aeby, G. S. 1992. The potential effect the ability of a coral intermediate host to regenerate has had on the evolution of its association of a marine parasite.

Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam 2:809-815.

Aeby, G.S. 1998. A digenean metacercaria from the reef coral, Porites compressa, experimentally identified as Podocotyloides stenometra. Journal of Parasitology 84:1259-1261.

Akino, T, J. J. Knapp, J. A. Thomas, and G. W. Elmes. 1999. Chemical mimicry and host specificity in the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 266:1419-1426.

Anderson, R. A., J. C. Koella, and H. Hurd. 1999. The effect of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection on the feeding persistence of Anopheles stephensi Liston throughout the sporogonic cycle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 266:1729-1734.

Baer, В., and P. Schmid-Hempel. 1999. Experimental variation in polyandry affects parasite loads and fitness in a bumble-bee. Nature 397:151-154.

Barry, J. D. 1997. The biology of antigenic variation in African try-panosomes. In Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Biology and control edited by G. Hide, J. C. Mottram, G. H. Coombs, and P. Holmes. New York: CAB International.

Basch, P. F. 1991. Schistosomes: Development, reproduction, and host relations. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bastien, J. W. 1998. The kiss of death: Chagas'disease in the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Beckage, N. E. 1997. The parasitic wasp's secret weapon. Scientific American 277(5) :82-87.

 . 1998. Parasitoids and polydnaviruses. Bioscience 48(4): 305-311.

Bell, R. G. 1996. IgE allergies and helminth parasites: A new perspective on an old conundrum. Immunology and Cell Biology 74:337-345.

 . 1998. The generation and expression of immunity to Trichinella

spiralis in laboratory rodents. Advances in Parasitology 41:159-217.

Benz, G. W. In preparation. Evolutionary biology of siphonostome parasites of vertebrates (Siphonostomatoida: Copepoda).

Berdoy, M., J. P. Webster, and D. W. Macdonald, 2000. Fatal attraction in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, in press.

Berenbaum, M. R., and A. R. Zangerl. 1998. Chemical phenotype matching between a plant and its insect herbivore. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:13743-13478.

Bingham, P. M. 1997. Cosuppression comes to the animals. Cell 90:385-387.

Bird, D. M. 1996. Manipulation of host gene expression by root-knot nematodes. Journal of Parasitology 82:881-888.

Blankespoor, С. L., P. W. Pappas, andT. Eisner. 1997. Impairment of the chemical defence of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor, by metaces-todes (cysticercoids) of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitology 115:105-110.

Bloom, B. R. 1979. Games parasites play: How parasites evade immune surveillance. Nature 279:21-26.

Boettner, G. H., J. S. Elkington, and C. J. Boettner, 2000. Effect of a biological control introduction on three nontarget native species of saturniid moths, Conservation Biology, in press.

Bogdan, C, and M. Roliinghoff. 1999. How do protozoan parasites survive inside macrophages? Parasitology Today 15:22-28.

Borst, P., W. Bitter, P. Blundell, M. Cross, R. McCulloch, G. Rudenko, M. C. Taylor, and F. van Leeuwen. 1997. The expression sites for variant surface glycoproteins of Trypanosoma brucei. In Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Biology and control, edited by G. Hide, J. C. Mottram, G. H. Coombs, and P. Holmes. New York: CAB International.

 , R. McCulloch, F. Van Leeuwen, and G. Rudenko. 1995. Antigenic variation of malaria. Cell 82:1-4.

Bowler, P. J. 1983. The eclipse of Darwinism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,

Brennan, W. 1995. Dehumanizing the vulnerable: When word games take lives. Chicago: Loyola University Press.

Brodeur, J., and L. E. M. Vet. 1994. Usurpation of host behavior by a parasitic wasp. Animal Behavior 48:187-192.

Brooks, D. R. 1992. Origins, diversification, and historical structure of the helminth fauna inhabiting neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae). Journal of Parasitology 78(4): 588-595.

 , and Deborah A. McLennan. 1993. Parascript: Parasites and the

language of evolution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Brown, J. 1898. Parasitic wealth, or money reform: A manifesto to the people of the United States and to the workers of the world. New York: Charles Kerr & Co.

Bruce-Chwatt, L.J., and J. de Zulueta. 1980. The rise and fall of malaria in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bush, A. O., and C. R. Kennedy. 1994. Host fragmentation and helminth parasites: Hedging your bets against extinction. International Journal of Parasitology 24:1333-1343.

Campbell, W. C., ed. 1983. Trichinella and trichinosis. New York: Plenum.

Capo, V. A., D. D. Despommier, and R. I. Polvere. 1998. Trichinella spiralis: Vascular endothelial growth factor is up-regulated within the nurse cell during the early phase of its formation. Journal of Parasitology 84(2) :209- 214.

Caveney, S., Н. Mclean, and D. Surry. 1998. Faecal firing in a skipper caterpillar

 is pressure-driven. Journal of Experimental Biology 201:121-133. Chan, M. S. 1997. The global burden of intestinal nematode infections — fifty

 years on. Parasitology Today 13(11):438-443. Clayton, D. H. 1991. The influence of parasites on host sexual selection.

 Parasitology Today 7(12):329-334. Collis, S. A., and G. Walker. 1994. The morphology of the naupilar stages of Sacculina carcini (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Acta Zoologica 75(4):297-303.

Costanza, R., B. G. Norton, and B. D. Haskell, eds. 1992. Ecological health: New

 goals for environmental management. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Cox, F. E. G. 1994. The evolutionary expansion of the sporozoa. International

 Journal of Parasitology 24:1301-1316. Crompton, D. W. T. 1999. How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?

 Journal of Parasitology 85:397-403. Curtis, L. A. 1987. Vertical distribution of an estuarine snail altered by a parasite. Nature 235:1509-1511.

 . 1990. Parasitism and the movement of intertidal gastropod individuals.

 Biological Bulletin 179:105-112. Damian, R. 1987. The exploitation of host immune responses by parasites.

 Journal of Parasitology 73(1): 1-13. Damon, C. 1997. The mask of the parasite. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Darwin, C. 1857. The origin of species. London: John Murray. Dawkins, R. 1982. The extended phenotype: The gene as the unit of selection. New York: W. H. Freeman.

 . 1990. Parasites, desiderata lists and the paradox of the organism.

 Parasitology 100:S63-S73. Day, J. F., and J. D. Edman. 1983. Malaria renders mice susceptible to mosquito feeding when gametocytes are most infective. Journal of Parasitology 69:163-170.

DeBerardinis, R. J., J. L. Goodier, E. M. Ostertag, and H. H. Kazazian. 1998. Rapid amplification of a retrotransposon subfamily is evolving the mouse genome. Nature Genetics 20:288-290. DeMoraes, С. M., W. J. Lewis, P. W. Pare, H. T. Alborn, and J. H. Tumlinson. 1998. Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids. Nature 393:570-573.

Desmond, A., and J. Moore. 1991. Darwin: The life of a tormented evolutionist.

 New York: W. W. Norton. Desowitz, R. S. 1983. New Guinea tapeworms and Jewish grandmothers. New York: W. W. Norton.

Desowitz, R.S. 1991, The malaria capers. New York: W. W. Norton.

 . 1997. Who gave Pinta to the Santa Maria? New York:

W. W. Norton.

Despommier, D. D. 1990. Trichinella spiralis: The worm that would be virus. Parasitology Today 6(6): 193-196.

Despres, L., D. Imbert-Establet, C. Combes, and F. Bonhomme. 1992. Molecular evidence linking hominid evolution to recent radiation of schistosomes (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1:295-304.

DeVries, M. C., D. Rittschof, and R. B. Forward. 1989. Response by rhizocephalan- parasitized crabs to analogues of crab larval-release pheromones. Journal of Crustacean Biology 9:517-524.

Dobson, A. 1995. The ecology and epidemiology of rinderpest virus in Serengeti and Ngorongoro conservation area. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem, edited by A. R. E. Sinclair and P. Arcese. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Doolittle, W. F. 2000. Uprooting the tree of life. Scientific American 282: 90-95.

Drummond, H. 1883. Natural law in the spiritual world. London: Hod-der and Stoughton.

Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Durden, L. A., and J. E. Keirans. 1996. Host-parasite coextinction and the plight of tick conservation. American Entomologist (Sum-mer): 87-91.

Dushay, M. S., and N. E. Beckage. 1993. Dose-dependent separation of Cotesia congregata — associated polydnavirus effects on Manduca sexta larval development and immunity. Journal of Insect Physiology 39(12): 1029- 1040.

Dybdahl, M. F., and С. M. Lively. 1998. Host-parasite coevolution: Evidence for rare advantage and time-lagged selection in a natural population. Evolution 52(8): 1057-1066.

Eberhard, W. G. 1990. Evolution in bacterial plasmids and levels of selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 65:3-22.

Ebert, D. 1994. Virulence and local adaptation of a horizontally transmitted parasite. Science 265:1084-1088.

 , and E. A. Herre. 1996. The evolution of parasitic diseases. Parasitology Today 12(3):96-101.

Evans, W. S., M. C. Hardy, R. Singh, G. E. Moodie, and J. J. Cote. 1992. Effects of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta on the co-prophagic activity of its intermediate host, 7Yibolium confusum. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:2311-2314.

Evans, W.S. A. Wong, М. Hardy, R. W. Currie, and D. Vanderwel. 1998. Evidence that the factor used by the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, to direct the foraging of its intermediate host, Tribolium confusum, is a volatile attractant. Journal of Parasitology 84: 1098-1101.

Ewald, P. W. 1994. Evolution of infectious disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 . 1995. The evolution of virulence: A unifying link between parasitology and ecology. Journal of Parasitology 81 (5):659-669.

Farley, J. 1972. The spontaneous generation controversy (1700-1860): The origin of parasitic worms. Journal of the History of Biology 5(1):95-125.

 . 1977. The spontaneous generation controversy from Descartes to Oparin.

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Feener, D. H., and В. V. Brown. 1997. Diptera as parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 42:73-97.

Foley, M., and L. Tilley. 1995. Home improvements: Malaria and the red blood cell. Parasitology Today ll(ll):436-439.

 . 1998. Protein trafficking in malaria-infected erythrocytes. International Journal of Parasitology 28:1671-1680.

Foster, W. D. 1965. A history of parasitology. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.

Fox, J. A, M. F. Dybdahl, J. Jokela, and С. M. Lively. 1996. Genetic structure of coexisting sexual and clonal subpopulations in a freshwater snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum). Evolution 50:1541-1548.

Friedman, M. J., and W. Trager. 1981. The biochemistry of resistance to malaria. Scientific American (March): 156-164.

Fuhrman, J. A. 1999. Marine viruses and their biogeochemical and ecological effects. Nature 399:541-548.

Gardner, S. L., and M. L. Campbell. 1992. Parasites as probes for biodiversity. Journal of Parasitology 78(4):596-600.

Gemmill, A. W., M. E. Viney, and A. F. Read. 1997. Host immune status determines sexuality in a parasitic nematode. Evolution 51(2):393-401.

Gilbert, J., E. Mouchel-Vielh, and J. S. Deutsch. 1997. Engrailed duplication events during the evolution of barnacles. Journal of Molecular Evolution 44:585-594.

Ginsburg, H., S. A. Wray, and P. G. Bray. 1999. An integrated model of chloroquine action. Parasitology Today 15:357-360.

Glenner, H., and J. T. Hoeg. 1995. A new motile, multicellular stage involved in host invasion by parasitic barnacles (Rhizocephala). Nature 377:147- 150.

 , A. Klysner, and B. Brodin Larsen. 1989. Cypris ultrastructure,

metamorphosis and sex in seven families of parasitic barnacles

(Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Acta Zoologica 23: 229-242.

Glenner, H., J. T. Hoeg, J. J. O'Brien, T. D. Sherman, 2000. Invasive vermigon stage in the parasitic barnacles Loxothylacus texanus and L. panopaei (Sacculinidae): closing of the rhizocephalan life-cycle. Marine Biology, in press.

Good, M. F., D. С Kaslow, and L. H. Miller. 1998. Pathways and strategies for developing a malaria blood-stage vaccine. Annual Review of Immunology 16:57-87.

Grenfell, В. T. 1992. Parasitism and the dynamics of ungulate grazing systems. The American Naturalist 139:907-929.

Gross, P. 1993. Insect behavioral and morphological defenses against parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 38:251-273.

Grove, D. I. 1990. A history of human helminthology. London: CAB International.

Hamilton, W. D., and M. Zuk. 1982. Heritable true fitness and bright birds: A role for parasites? Science 218:384-387.

Harris, A. R. C., R. J. Russell, and A. D. Charters. 1984. A review of schistosomiasis in immigrants in Western Australia, demonstrating the unusual longevity of Schistosoma mansoni. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78:385-388.

Hart, B. L. 1994. Behavioral defense against parasites: Interaction with parasite invasiveness. Parasitology 109:S139-S151.

 . 1997. Behavioral defense. In Host-parasite evolution: General principles

and avian models, edited by D. H. Clayton and J. Moore. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 , and L. A. Hart. 1994. Fly switching by Asian elephants: Tool use to

control parasites. Animal Behavior 48:35-45.

 , L. A. Hart, M. S. Mooring, and R. Olubayo. 1992. Biological basis

of grooming behavior in antelope: The body-size, vigilance and habitat principles. Animal Behavior 44:615-631.

Hartl, D. L., A. R. Lohe, and E. R. Lozovskaya. 1997. Modern thoughts on an ancient mariner: function, evolution, regulation. Annual Review of Genetics 31:337-358.

Hartnoll, R. G. 1967. The effects of sacculinid parasites on two Jamaican crabs. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology) 46:275-295.

Harwood, C. L., I. S. Young, D. L. Lee, and J. D. Altringham. 1996. The effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on the mechanical properties of the mammalian diaphragm. Parasitology 113:535-543.

Haseeb, M. A., N. R. Bergquist, L. K. Eveland, and R. C. Eppard. 1998. Vaccination against schistosomiasis: Progress, prospects, and novel approaches. Paper

read at Ninth International Congress of Parasitology, 1998, at Chiba, Japan.

Hashimoto, Т., L. B. Sanchez, T. Shirakura, M. Muller, and M. Hasegawa. 1998. Secondary absence of mitochondria in Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis revealed by valyl-tRNA synthetase phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:6860-6865.

Heinlein, R. A. 1990. The puppetmasters. New York: Ballantine Books.

Helluy, S., and J. C. Holmes. 1989. Serotonin, octopamine, and the clinging behavior induced by the parasite Polymorphic paradoxus (Acanthocephala) in Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:1214- 1220.

Herre, E. A. 1993. Population structure and the evolution of virulence in nematode parasites of fig wasps. Science 259:1442-1445.

Herren, H. R., and P. Neuenschwander. 1991. Biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Annual Review of Entomology 36:257-283.

Hershokovitz, I., and G. Edelson. 1991. The first identified case of thalassemia? Human Evolution 6(l):49-54.

Hill, A. V. S„ S. N. R. Yates, С. E. M. Allsopp, S. Gupta, S. C. Gilbert, A. Lalvani, M. Aidoo, M. Davenport, and M. Plebanski. 1994. Human leukocyte antigens and natural selection by malaria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 346:378-385.

Hitler, A. 1971. Mein Kampf Translated by Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Hoberg, E. P., S. L. Gardner, and R. A. Campbell. 1999a. Systematics of the Eucestoda: Advances toward a new phylogenetic paradigm, and observations on the early diversification of tapeworms and vertebrates. Systematic Parasitology 42:1-12.

 A. Jones, and R, A. Bray. 1999b. Phylogenetic analysis among

the families of the Cyclophyllidea (Eucestoda) based on comparative morphology, with new hypotheses for co-evolution in vertebrates. Systematic Parasitology 42:51-73.

 R. L. Rausch, K. Eom, and S. L. Gardner. 2000. A phylogenetic hypothesis for species of the genus Taenia (Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae). Journal of Parasitology, in press.

Heeg, J. T. 1985a. Cypris settlement, kentrogon formation and host invasion in the parasitic barnacle Lernaeodiscus porcellanae (Muller) (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Acta Zoologica 66:1-45.

 1985b. Male cypris settlement in Clistrosaccus paguri Lilljeborg

(Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 89:221-235.

Heeg, J. Т. 1987. Male cypris metamorphosis and a new male larval form, the trichogon, in the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini (Crustacea: Cirripida: Rhizocephala). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London В 317:47-63.

 . 1992. Rhizocephala. In Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. New

York: Wiley-Liss.

 . 1995. The biology and life cycle of the Rhizocephala (Cirripedia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75:517-550.

Holldobler, В., and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The ants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hotez, P., J. Hawdon, and M. Cappello. 1995. Molecular mechanisms of invasion by Ancyclostoma hookworms. In Molecular approaches to parasitology, edited by J. C. Boothroyd and R. Komuniecki. New York: Wiley-Liss.

 , and D. J. Prichard. 1995. Hookworm infection. Scientific American 272 (June) :68-74.

Howarth, F. G. 1991. Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 36:485-509.

Huffman, M. A. 1997. Current evidence for self-medication in primates: A multi- disciplinary perspective. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 40:171-200.

Hurd, H. 1998. Parasite manipulation of insect reproduction: Who benefits? Parasitology 116 (Supplement): S13-21.

Hurst, G. D. D., F. M. Jiggins, and J. H. Graf von der Schulenbeurg. 1999. Male- killing Wolbachia in two species of insect. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 266:735-740.

Hurst, L. D. 1993. The incidences, mechanisms and evolution of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 68:121-193.

James, A. A., and P. A. Rossignol. 1991. Mosquito salivary glands: Parasitological and molecular aspects. Parasitology Today 7: 267-271.

Janeway, C. A., and P. Travers. 1994. Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease. London: Current Biology, Ltd.

Jarolim, P., J. Palek, D. Amato, K. Hassan, P. Sapak, G. T. Nurse, H. L. Rubin, S. Zhai, К. E. Sahr, and S. Liu. 1991. Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria-resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88:11022-11026.

Karanja, D. M. S., D. G. Colley, B. L. Nahlen, J. H. Ouma, and W. E. Secor. 1997. Studies of schistosomiasis in western Kenya: I. Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with

Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56(5):515-521.

Karban, R., and G. English-Loeb. 1997. Tachinid parasitoids affect host plant choice by caterpillars to increase caterpillar survival. Ecology 78:603- 611.

Katz, L. A. 1998. Changing perspectives on the origin of eukaryotes. 7Yends in Ecology and Evolution 13:493-497.

Kavaliers, M., and D. Colwell. 1995a. Discrimination by female mice between the odors of parasitized and non-parasitized males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 261:31-35.

 . 1995b. Odors of parasitized males induce aversive responses in female

mice. Animal Behavior 50:1161-1169.

Kawecki, T. J. 1998. Red Queen meets Santa Rosalia: Arms races and the evolution of host specification in organisms with parasitic lifestyles. American Naturalist 152:635-651.

Kazazian, H. H., and J. V. Moran. 1998. The impact of LI retrotransposons on the human genome. Nature Genetics 19:19-24.

Kelley, W. E., and J. E. Atz. 1964. A pygidiid catfish that can suck blood from goldfish. Copeia (4):702-704.

Kennedy, C. R., and J. F. Guegan. 1996. The number of niches in intestinal helminth communities of Anguilla anguilla: Are there enough spaces for parasites? Parasitology 113:293-302.

Kilner, R. M., D. G. Noble, and N. B. Davies. 1999. Signals of need in parent- offspring communication and their exploitation by the common cuckoo. Nature 397:667-672.

Knoll, A. H., and S. B. Carroll. 1999. Early animal evolution: Emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284: 2129-2137.

Koella, J. C. 1999. An evolutionary view of the interactions between anopheline mosquitoes and malaria parasites. Microbes and Infection 1:303-308.

 , P. Agnew, and Y. Michalakis. 1998a. Revolutionary interactions between host life histories and parasite life cycles. Parasitology 116:S47-S55.

 , F. L. Sorensen, and R. A. Anderson. 1998b. The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, increases the frequency of multiple feeding of its mosqutio vector, Anopheles gambiae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 265:763-768.

Koga, M., A. Ning, and I. Tada. 1999. Strongyloides ratti: Migration study of third-stage larvae in rats by whole-body autoradiography after 35S-methinonine labeling. Journal of Parasitology 85: 405-409.

Kohler, S.} С. F. Delwiche, P. W. Denny, L. G. Tilney, P. Webster, R. J. M. Wilson, J. D. Palmer, and D. S. Roos. 1997. A plastid of probably green algal origin in apicomplexan parasites. Science 275:1485-1488.

Kraaijeveld, A. R., J. J. M. Van Alphen, and H. C. J. Godfray. 1998. The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence. Parasitology 116(Supplement) :S29-S45.

Krasnoff, S. В., D. W. Watson, D. M. Gibson, and E. C. Kwan. 1995. Behavioral effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae on its host Musca domestica: Postural changes in dying hosts and gated patterns of mortality. Journal of Insect Physiology 41(10):895-903.

Kuris, A. M., and K. D. Lafferty. 1994. Community structure: Larval trematodes in snail hosts. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:189-217.

Kyriazakis, I., B. J. Tolkamp, and M. R. Hutchings. 1998. Toward a functional explanation for the occurrence of anorexia during parasitic infections. Animal Behavior 56:265-274.

Lafferty, K. D. 1992. Foraging on prey that are modified by parasites. American Naturalist 140:854-867.

 . 1993a. Effects of parasitic castration on growth, reproduction and

population dynamics of the marine snail Cerithidea californica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96:229-237.

 . 1993b. The marine snail, Cerithidea californica, matures at

smaller sizes where parasitism is high. Oikos 68:3-11.

 . 1997a. The ecology of parasites in a salt marsh ecosystem. In Parasites

and pathogens: Effects on host hormones and behavior, edited by N. E. Beckage. New York: Chapman & Hall.

 . 1997b. Environmental parasitology: What can parasites tell us about

human impacts on the environment? Parasitology Today 13:251-255.

 , and A. M. Kuris. 1996. Biological control of marine pests. Ecology

77(7): 1989-2000.

 , and K. Morris. 1996. Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by bird final hosts. Ecology 77(5): 1390-1397.

Lankester, E. R. 1890. Degeneration: A chapter in Darwinism. In The advancement of science: Occasional essays and addresses. London: Macmillan.

Lauer, S. A, P. K. Rathod, N. Ghori, and K. Haldar. 1997. A membrane network for nutrient import in red cells infected with the malaria parasite. Science 276:1122-1125.

Lavine, M. D., and N. E. Beckage. 1996. Temporal pattern of parasitism-induced immunosuppression in Manduca sexta. Journal of Insect Physiology 42(0:41-51.

Law, R. 1998. Symbiosis through exploitation and the merger of lineages in evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 265:1245-1253.

Leptak, C. L., and J. H. McKerrow. 1997. Schistosome egg granulomas and hepatic expression of TNF-a are dependents on immune priming during parasite maturation. Journal of Immunology 158: 301-307.

Lester, J. E. 1995. E. Ray Lankester and the making of modern British biology edited by P. J. Bowler. London: British Society for the History of Science Monographs.

Lively, С. M. 1987. Evidence from a New Zealand snail for the maintenance of sex by parasitism. Nature 328:519-521.

 . 1996. Host-parasite coevolution and sex: Do interactions between

biological enemies maintain genetic variation and cross-fertilization? Bioscience 46(2): 107-114.

LoBue, C. P., and M. A. Bell. 1993. Phenotypic manipulation by the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus of its intermediate host, Gasterosteus aculeatus, the threespine stickleback. American Naturalist 142: 725-735.

Locksley, R. M., and S. L. Reiner. 1995. Murine leishmaniasis and the regulation ofCD4+ cell development. In Molecular approaches toparasitology} edited by J. C. Boothroyd and R. Komuniecki. New York: Wiley-Liss.

Lorenz, K. 1989. The waning of humaneness. Translated by Robert Warren Kickert. Boston: Litde, Brown and Co.

Low, B. S. 1990. Marriage systems and pathogen stress in human behavior. American Zoologist 30:325-339.

Lutzen, J., and J. T. Heeg. 1995. Spermatogonia implantation by antennular penetrations in the akentrodonid rhizocephalan Diplothylacus sinensis (Keppen, 1877) (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Zoologischer Anzeiger 234:201- 207.

Lynch, N., I. A. Hagel, M. Palenque, and M. C. DiPrisco. 1998. Relationship between helminithic infection and IgE response in atopic and nonatopic children in a tropical environment. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 101:217-221.

Lythgoe, K. A., and A. F. Read. 1998. Catching the Red Queen? The advice of the rose. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:473-474.

MacDonald, J. F. 1995. TVansposable elements: Possible catalysts of organismic evolution. 7Yends in Ecology and Evolution 10:123-126.

Marcogliese, D. J., and D. K. Cone. 1997. Parasite communities as indicators of ecosystem stress. Parasitologia 39:227-232.

337

Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic planet: A new look at evolution. New York: Basic Books.

22 Па]шнты: Тайный мир

Maynard, В. J., L. DeMartini, and W. G. Wright. 1996. Gammarus lacustris harboring Polymorphus paradoxus show altered patterns of serotonin-like immunoreactivity. Journal of Parasitology 82:663-666.

Meredith, S. E. O., and H. B. Dull. 1998. Onchocerciasis: The first decade of mectizan treatment. Parasitology Today 14:472-473.

Messier, F., M. E. Rau, and M. A. McNeill. 1989. Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) infections and moose-wolf population dynamics in southwestern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:216-219.

Milinski, M. 1990. Parasites and host decision-making. In Parasitism and host behavior; edited by C. J. Barnard and J. M. Behnke. London: Taylor & Francis.

Miller, L. H. 1996. Protective selective pressure. Nature 383: 480-481.

Minchella, D. J. 1985. Host life-history variation in response to parasitism. Parasitology 90:205-216.

Moller, A. P. 1993. A fungus infecting domestic flies manipulates sexual behavior. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33:403-407.

 . 1999. Parasitism, host immune function, and sexual selection.

Quarterly Review of Biology 74:3-20.

Moore, J. 1983. Response to an avian predator and its isopod prey to an acanthocephalan parasite. Ecology 64(5): 1000-1015.

 . 1995. The behavior of parasitized animals. Bioscience 45(2):

89-98.

 , and N. J. Gotelli. 1996. Evolutionary patterns of altered behavior and

susceptibility in parasitized hosts. Evolution 50(2):807-819.

Mooring, M. S., and B. L. Hart. 1992. Animal grouping for protection from parasites: selfish herd and encounter-dilution effects. Behavior 123:173- 193.

Morell, V. 1999. Are pathogens felling frogs? Science 284:728-731.

Muller, С. В., and P. Schmid-Hempel. 1993. Exploitation of cold temperature as defense against parasitoids in bumblebees. Nature 363:65-67.

Muller, M., and W. Martin. 1999. The genome of Rickettsia prowazekii and some thoughts on the origin of mitochondria and hydrogeno-somes. BioEssayst 21:377-381.

Naitza, S., F. Spano, K. J. H. Robson, and A. Cristranti. 1998. The thrombospondin- related protein family of apicomplexan parasites: The gears of the cell invasion machinery. Parasitology Today 14:479-484.

Nelson, G. S. 1990. Human behavior and the epidemiology of helminth infections: Cultural practices and microepidemiology. In Parasitism and host behavior, edited by C. J. Barnard and J. M. Behnke. London: Taylor 8t Francis.

Newman, А. 1999. In pursuit of an autoimmune worm cure. The New York Times, August 31,1999, 5.

Niebel, A., G. Gheysen, and M. Van Montagu. 1994. Plant-cyst nematode and plant-root-knot nematode interactions. Parasitology Today 10(11):424- 430.

Nokes, C., S. M. Grantham-McGregor, A. W. Sawyer, E. S. Cooper, B. A. Robinson, and D. A. P. Bundy. 1992. Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican school children. Parasitology 104:539-547.

O'Brien, J., and D. M. Skinner. 1990. Overriding of the molt-inducing stimulus of multiple limb autotomy in the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii by parasitization with a rhizocephalan. Journal of Crustacean Biology 10(3):440-445.

 , and P. Van Wyk. 1986. Effects of crustacean parasitic castrators

(epicaridean isopods and rhizocephalan barnacles) on growth of crustacean hosts. In Crustacean Issues 3, edited by A. Wenner.

Penn, D., and W. K. Potts. 1998. Chemical signals and parasite-mediated sexual selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:391-396.

Pennisi, E. 1998. A genomic battle of the sexes. Science 281: 1984-1985.

Peries, H., and S. Cairncross. 1997. Global eradication of guinea worm. Parasitology Today 13(ll):431-437.

Poirier, S. R., M. E. Rau, and X. Wang. 1995. Diel locomotor activity of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) infected with TYichinella nativa or Trichinella pseudospiralis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1323-1334.

Polak, M., and W. T. Starmer. 1998. Parasite-induced risk of mortality elevates reproductive effort in male Drosophila. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 265:2197-2201.

Polvere, R. I., C. A. Kabbash, V. A. Capo, I. Kadan, and D. D. Despommier. 1997. 7Yichinella spiralis: Synthesis of type IV and type VI collagen during nurse cell formation. Experimental Parasitology 86:191-199.

Poulin, R. 1994. The evolution of parasite manipulation of host behavior: A theoretical analysis. Parasitology 109:S109-S118.

 . 1995. Phylogeny, ecology, and the richness of parasite communities in vertebrates. Ecological Monographs 65(3):283-302.

 . 1998. Evolutionary ecology of parasites: From individuals to

communities. London: Chapman 8t Hall.

Press, M. C., and J. D. Graves, eds. 1995. Parasitic plants. London: Chapman 8c Hall.

Raibaut, A., and J. P. Trilles. 1993. The sexuality of parasitic crustaceans. Advances in Parasitology 32:367-444.

Rau, М. Е. 1983. The open-field behavior of mice infected with TYichinella spiralis. Parasitology 86:311-318.

 , and F. R. Caron. 1979. Parasite-induced susceptibility of moose to

hunting. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:2466-2468.

Read, A. F., and A. Skorping. 1995. The evolution of tissue migration by parasitic nematode larvae. Parasitology 111:359-371.

Ribeiro, J. M. C. 1995. Blood-feeding arthropods: Live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists? Infectious Agents and Disease 4:143-152.

Ridley, M. 1993. The Red Queen: Sex and the evolution of human nature. New York: Penguin.

Robb, Т., and M. L. Reid. 1996. Parasite-induced changes in the behavior of cestode-infected beetles: Adaptation or simple pathology? Canadian Journal of Zoology 1268-1274.

Roberts, L. S., and J. Janovy. 2000. Gerald D. Schmidt and Larry Roberts' Foundation of Parasitology. 6th ed. Dubuque, 1A: McGraw-Hill.

Robertson, H. M. 1997. Multiple mariner transposons in flatworms

and hydras are related to those of insects. Journal of Heredity 88: 195-201.

Robinson, J. 1962. Pilobolus spp. and the translation of the infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus from feces to pastures. Nature 193:353-354.

Rohde, K. 1994. Niche restriction in parasites: Proximate and ultimate causes. Parasitology 109:S69-S84.

Roos, D. S., M. J. Crawford, R. G. K. Donald, J. C. Kissinger, L. J. Klimczak, and B. Striepen. 1999. Origin, targeting, and function of the apicomplexan plastid. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2: 426-432.

Ross, R., and D. Thomson. 1910. A case of sleeping sickness studied by precise enumerative methods: Further observations. Proceedings of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine 82:395-409.

Roth, D. В., and N. L. Craig. 1998. VDJ recombination: A transposase goes to work. Cell 94:411-414.

Roy, B. A. 1993. Floral mimicry by a plant pathogen. Nature 362: 56-58.

Russell, P. F. 1955. Man's mastery of malaria. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schantz, T. von, H. Wittzell, G. Goransson, M. Grahn, and K. Persson. 1996. MHC genotype and male ornamentation: Genetic evidence for the Hamilton-Zuk model. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 263:265-271.

Schofield, A. E., D. M. Reardon, and M. J. A. Tanner. 1992. Defective anion transport activity of the abnormal band 3 in hereditary ovalocytic red blood cells. Nature 355:836-838.

Schrag, S. J., A. Mooers, G. T. Ndifon, and A. F. Read. 1994a. Ecological correlates of male outcrossing ability in a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail. American Naturalist 143:636-655.

 , G. T. Ndifon, and A. F. Read. 1994b. Temperature-determined

outcrossing ability in wild populations of a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail. Ecology 75:2066-2077.

Senok, А. С., K. Li, E. A. S. Nelson, L. M. Yu, L. P. Tian, and S. J. Oppenheimer. 1997. Invasion and growth of Plasmodium falciparum is inhibited in fractionated thalassaemic erythrocytes. TYansactions of the Royal Society of 1Yopical Medicine and Hygiene 91:138-143.

Sher, A. 1995. Regulation of cell-mediated immunity by parasites: The ups and downs of an important host adaptation. In Molecular Approaches to Parasitology, edited by J. C. Boothroyd and R. Komuniecki. New York: Wiley-Liss.

Sheratt, D. J., ed. 1995. Mobile genetic elements. New York: IRL Press.

Shi, Y. P., S. E. Hasnain, J. B. Sacci, B. P. Holloway, J. Fujioka, N. Kumar, R. Wohlheuter, S. L. Hoffman, W. E. Collins, and A. A. Lai. 1999. Immunogenicity and in vitro protective efficacy of a recombinant multistage Plasmodium falciparum candidate vaccine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:15-20.

Shorthouse, J. D., and O. Rohfritsch, eds. 1992. Biology of Insect-Induced Galls. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Simberloff, D., and P. Stiling. 1996. How risky is biological control? Ecology 77 (7): 1965-1974.

Sinden, R. E. 1985. A cell biologist's view of host cell recognition and invasion by malarial parasites. TYansactions оf the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79:598-605.

Sorci, G., and J. Clobert. 1995. Effects of maternal parasite load on offspring life-history traits in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 8:711-723.

Spithill, T. W., and J. P. Dalton. 1998. Progress in development of liver fluke vaccine. Parasitology Today 14 (6):224-228.

Steenstrup, J. 1845. On the alternation of generations; or The propagation and development of animals through alternate generations: A peculiar form of fostering the young in the lower classes of animals. London: The Ray Society.

Stevens, J. R., and W. Gibson. 1999. The molecular evolution of try-panosomes. Parasitology Today 15:432-436.

Stewart, G. R., and M. C. Press. 1990. The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 41:127-151.

Strand, М. R., and M. Grbic. 1997. The life history and development of polyembryonic parasitoids. In Parasites and Pathogens: Effects on Host Hormones and Behavior; edited by N. E. Beckage. New York: Chapman & Hall.

Stunkard, H. W. 1955. Freedom, bondage, and the welfare state. Science 121:811-816.

Su, X., L. A. Kirkman, H. Fujioka, and Т. E. Wellems. 1997. Complex polymorphisms in an -330 kDa protein are linked to chlorquine- resistant P. falciparum in Southeast Asia and Africa. Cell 91: 593-603.

Sukhdeo, M. V. K. 1997. Earth's third environment: The worm's eye view. Bioscience 47 (3): 141-152.

Sukhdeo, S. С., M. V. K. Sukhdeo, M. B. Black, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1997. The evolution of tissue migration in parasitic nematodes (Nematoda: Strongylida) inferred from a protein-coding mitochondrial gene. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 61:281-298.

Sures, В., R. Siddall, and H. Taraschewski. 1999. Parasites as accumulation indicators of heavy metal polluters. Parasitology Today 15:16-21.

Taylor, M. I., G. Turner, R. L. Robinson, and J. R. Stauffer. 1998. Sexual selection, parasites, and bower height skew in a bower-building cichlid fish. Animal Behavior 56:379-384.

Thompson, J. N. 1994. The revolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

 . 1998. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. 7Yends in Ecology and

Evolution 13:329-332.

Thompson, S. N. 1993. Redirection of host metabolism and effects on parasite nutrition. In Parasites and Pathogens of Insects, edited by N. E. Beckage, S. N. Thompson, and B. A. Federicic. New York: Academic Press.

Tierney, J. F., F. A. Huntingford, and D. W.T. Crompton. 1993. The relationship between infectivity of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) and anti-predator behavior of its intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behavior 46:603-605.

Tinsley, R. C. 1990. The influence of parasite infection on mating success in spadefoot toads, Scaphiopus couchi. American Zoologist 30:313-324.

 . 1995. Parasitic disease in amphibians: Control by the regulation of

worm burdens. Parasitology 111:S153-S178.

Vance, S. A. 1996. Morphological and behavioral sex reversal in mermithid- infected mayflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 263:907- 912.

Viney, M. E. 1999. Exploiting the life cycle of Strongyloides ratti. Parasitology Today 15:231-235.

Villereal, L. P. 1997. On viruses, sex, and motherhood. Journal of Virology 71:859-865.

Volk, T. 1998. Gaia's body. Toward a physiology of earth. New York: Copernicus.

Waller, R. F., P. J. Keeling, R. G. K. Donald, B. Stripen, E. Handman, N. Lang- Unnasch, A. F. Cowman, G. S. Besra, D. S. Roos, and G. I. McFadden. 1998. Nuclear-encoded proteins target to the plastid in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 12352-12357.

Webb, T. J., and H. Hurd. 1999. Direct manipulation of insect reproduction by agents of parasite origin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 266:1537-1541.

Weiner, J. 1994. The beak of the finch: A story of evolution in our own time. New York: Knopf.

Werren, J. H. 1998. Wolbachia and speciation. In Endless forms: Species and Speciation, edited by D. J. Howard. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

White, A. Clinton, P. Robinson, and R. Kuhn. 1997. Taenia solium cysticercosis: host-parasite interactions and the immune response. Chemical Immunology 1997:209-230.

Wilson, C. 1995. The invisible world: Early modern philosophy and the invention of the microscope. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Wilson, R. A, and P. S. Coulson. 1998. Why don't we have a schistosomiasis vaccine? Parasitology Today 14(3):97-99.

Woese, C. R. 1998. The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:6854-6859.

Worboys, M. 1983. The emergence and early development of parasitology. In Parasitology: A global perspective, edited by K. S. Warren and J. Z. Bowers. New York: Springer-Verlag.

 . 1996. Germs, malaria and the invention of Mansonian tropical

medicine: from "Diseases in the Tropics" to "Tropical Diseases." In Warm climates and western medicine: The emergence of tropical medicine, 1500- 1900, edited by D. Arnold. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Wykoff, R. F. 1987. Delusions of parasitosis: A review. Review of Infectious Diseases 9:433^37.

Wynn, T. A., A. W. Cheever, D. Jankovic, R. W. Poindexter, P. Caspar, F. A. Lewis, and Alan Sher. 1995. An IL-12-based vaccination method for preventing fibrosis induced by schistosome infection. Nature 376: 594-596.

Xiong, Y., and T. Eickbush. 1990. Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO Journal 9: 3353- 3362.

Zimmer, С. 1998. At the water's edge: Macroevolution and the transformation of

 life. New York: Free Press. Zuk, M., T. S. Johnsen, and T. Maclarty. 1995. Endocrine-immune interactions, ornaments and mate choice in red junglefowl. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 260:205-210.